![]() ![]() Excess GP was removed with a heated instrument and vertically condensed. Obturation was performed with single ProTaper Next X3 GP cones. The sealer was placed in the canals using a size 15-K file at the working length with a counter-clockwise motion. Each group comprised 20 roots (10 B and 10 NB). Roots were randomly assigned to two obturation groups GP with AH Plus sealer (Dentsply DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany) and ProRoot MTA (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK, USA). Canals were finally rinsed with 0.9% sterile saline and dried with paper points. Prior to obturation, the canals were irrigated with 5 mL of EDTA (EDTA 15% Ultradent, South Jordan, UT, USA) solution for 2 min and then 5 mL of NaOCl for another 2 min for removing the organic material and cutting debris. Irrigation and recapitulation with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite was carried out during canal preparation, and apical patency was maintained with a size 10-K file. Canal orifices were flared with X-Gates files (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK, USA), and canals were prepared using ProTaper Next (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) instruments to size X3. The working length of the roots was visually determined by subtracting 1 mm from the point at which a size 10–K file (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK, USA) was seen at the major apical foramen. Arrows indicate complete buccal and lingual cracks Root section (10×) under light microscope showing the butterfly effect. It was hypothesized that teeth with the effect would develop more cracks buccolingually and that the obturation material would not be a contributing factor. The aim of this study was to investigate apical crack formation following root-end resection and preparation in teeth with and without the butterfly effect and to determine whether this is influenced by the obturation material. Research on crack formation in teeth with the butterfly effect is lacking, and its potential clinical relevance warrants investigation. Roots filled with MTA demonstrate a higher resistance to VRF than those filled with gutta-percha (GP) and a sealer ( 13). In recent years, numerous canal obturation materials have become available, with some claiming to have superior properties, such as the ability to strengthen teeth and minimize VRF. It has been suggested that teeth with the butterfly effect are more prone to developing cracks in this direction because of their significantly higher dentine hardness mesiodistally ( 12). Most VRFs occur in root-filled teeth, and they usually run in the buccolingual direction ( 11). Cracks could promote microleakage and may even propagate to form vertical root fractures (VRF) ( 10). The use of ultrasonic retrotips for root-end preparation can lead to increased formation of cracks in dentine ( 7, 8, 9). This is thought to enhance entombment of bacteria, which could lead to improved treatment outcomes ( 5, 6). Roots with the effect have greater penetration of sealers and MTA buccolingually ( 5). This effect has been observed in teeth from all age groups and at all levels of the roots ( 4). Root sections with the butterfly effect have been reported to have a lower density of dentinal tubules mesiodistally, corresponding to the wings of the butterfly. A decrease in the number of dentinal tubules results in greater light transmission to give a translucent appearance ( 3). The presence of sclerotic dentine causes light to refract and scatter ( 2). This produces a characteristic butterfly shape in transverse sections of the roots, caused by different shades of dentine ( 1). It has been attributed to dentinal tubular sclerosis that differs in the mesiodistal and buccolingual directions. The “Butterfly Effect” is an optical phenomenon that occurs in some cross-sections of root canals ( 1). ![]()
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